PMID- 34778597
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230917
IS  - 2424-810X (Electronic)
IS  - 2382-6533 (Print)
IS  - 2382-6533 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Oct 26
TI  - Evidence for a connection between coronavirus disease-19 and exposure to 
      radiofrequency radiation from wireless communications including 5G.
PG  - 666-681
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) public health policy has 
      focused on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus 
      and its effects on human health while environmental factors have been largely 
      ignored. In considering the epidemiological triad (agent-host-environment) 
      applicable to all disease, we investigated a possible environmental factor in the 
      COVID-19 pandemic: ambient radiofrequency radiation from wireless communication 
      systems including microwaves and millimeter waves. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that 
      caused the COVID-19 pandemic, surfaced in Wuhan, China shortly after the 
      implementation of city-wide (fifth generation [5G] of wireless communications 
      radiation [WCR]), and rapidly spread globally, initially demonstrating a 
      statistical correlation to international communities with recently established 5G 
      networks. In this study, we examined the peer-reviewed scientific literature on 
      the detrimental bioeffects of WCR and identified several mechanisms by which WCR 
      may have contributed to the COVID-19 pandemic as a toxic environmental cofactor. 
      By crossing boundaries between the disciplines of biophysics and pathophysiology, 
      we present evidence that WCR may: (1) cause morphologic changes in erythrocytes 
      including echinocyte and rouleaux formation that can contribute to 
      hypercoagulation; (2) impair microcirculation and reduce erythrocyte and 
      hemoglobin levels exacerbating hypoxia; (3) amplify immune system dysfunction, 
      including immunosuppression, autoimmunity, and hyperinflammation; (4) increase 
      cellular oxidative stress and the production of free radicals resulting in 
      vascular injury and organ damage; (5) increase intracellular Ca(2+) essential for 
      viral entry, replication, and release, in addition to promoting pro-inflammatory 
      pathways; and (6) worsen heart arrhythmias and cardiac disorders. RELEVANCE FOR 
      PATIENTS: In short, WCR has become a ubiquitous environmental stressor that we 
      propose may have contributed to adverse health outcomes of patients infected with 
      SARS-CoV-2 and increased the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we 
      recommend that all people, particularly those suffering from SARS-CoV-2 
      infection, reduce their exposure to WCR as much as reasonably achievable until 
      further research better clarifies the systemic health effects associated with 
      chronic WCR exposure.
CI  - Copyright: © Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
FAU - Rubik, Beverly
AU  - Rubik B
AD  - Department of Mind-Body Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, Saybrook University, Pasadena CA, USA.
AD  - Institute for Frontier Science, Oakland, CA, USA.
FAU - Brown, Robert R
AU  - Brown RR
AD  - Department of Radiology, Hamot Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 
      Erie, PA; Radiology Partners, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210929
PL  - Singapore
TA  - J Clin Transl Res
JT  - Journal of clinical and translational research
JID - 101667205
PMC - PMC8580522
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Coronavirus
OT  - coronavirus 2
OT  - coronavirus disease-19
OT  - electromagnetic fields
OT  - electromagnetic stress
OT  - environmental factor
OT  - microwave
OT  - millimeter wave
OT  - pandemic
OT  - public health
OT  - radio frequency
OT  - radiofrequency
OT  - severe acute respiratory syndrome
OT  - wireless
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in preparing and 
      publishing this manuscript. No competing financial interests exist.
EDAT- 2021/11/16 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/16 06:01
PMCR- 2021/09/29
CRDT- 2021/11/15 07:12
PHST- 2021/03/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/15 07:12 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/11/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/16 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - jctres.07.202105.007 [pii]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Clin Transl Res. 2021 Sep 29;7(5):666-681. eCollection 2021 Oct 26.